Pathogenesis of Endocrine system disease are:
- hyperfunction
- hypofunction of gland
- Receptor defect
- 2nd messenger defect
•Glucose level controlled by insulin and
glucagon
•Insulin promotes a decrease in blood
glucose
•Glucagon promotes an increase in blood
glucose
Pathophysiology of DM
Type 1 DM
This
is characterized by the destruction of the pancreatic
beta cells.
The
destruction of the beta cells results in decreased insulin production,
unchecked glucose
production by the liver and fasting hyperglycemia.
Glucose derived from food is not stored in the liver but remains in the blood
stream and
contributes to hyperglycemia(high blood sugar).
contributes to hyperglycemia(high blood sugar).
Type II DM
This the most common form of diabetes, often
associated with older age, obesity, family history or diabetes e.t.c.
In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas is usually producing enough insulin, but for unknown
reasons the body cannot use the insulin effectively, a condition called insulin resistance.
After several years, insulin production decreases. So thus glucose builds up in the blood and
the body cannot make efficient use of its main source of fuel.
This the most common form of diabetes, often
associated with older age, obesity, family history or diabetes e.t.c.
In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas is usually producing enough insulin, but for unknown
reasons the body cannot use the insulin effectively, a condition called insulin resistance.
After several years, insulin production decreases. So thus glucose builds up in the blood and
the body cannot make efficient use of its main source of fuel.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) (excess blood acids,ketones)
-is
a complex disordered metabolic state characterized by hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis.
DKA usually
occurs as a consequence of absolute or relative
insulin deficiency
(i.e Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus) and is
accompanied by lipolysis to increases serum free
fatty acids.
Hepatic metabolism of free fatty
acids as an alternative energy source (ketogenesis)
results in accumulation of acidic ketones
and ketoacids.
In addition, the decreased
glucose uptake by peripheral tissues due to insulin
deficiency will increases glucose
(hyperglycemia).DKA
is a medical emergency, and without treatment it can lead to death.
Cushing's syndrome and Addisons Disease
Cushing's syndrome and Addisons Disease
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