Respiratory System Disorders

EMPHYSEMA

Emphysema gradually damages the air sacs (alveoli) in your lungs, making you progressively more short of breath. Emphysema is one of several diseases known  as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Smoking may lead to emphysema.

The alveoli are clustered like bunches of grapes. In emphysema, the inner walls of the air sacs weaken and eventually rupture — creating one larger air space instead of many small ones. This reduces the surface area of the lungs and, in turn, the amount of oxygen that reaches your bloodstream.

When exhale, the damaged alveoli does not work properly and old air becomes trapped, leaving no room for fresh, oxygen-rich air to enter. Treatment may slow the progression of emphysema, but it can't reverse the damage.

Symptoms

• Tobacco smoke
• Air pollution
• Manufacturing fumes

restrictive lung disorders

•2 groups of diseases

1.Abnormalities of chest wall which limits lung expansion

–Includes:

»Kyphosis

»Scoliosis

»Muscular dystrophy

2.Disease affecting lung tissue that provides supporting framework

–Includes:

»Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (autoimmune disease)

»Pulmonary edema

»Pulmonary embolism

»Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)





 1.PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Pulmonary embolism

Causes of pulmonary embolism 

• prolonged immobilization, medications, fracture of legs
• smoking, genetic predisposition,
•  an increased number of red blood cells (polycythemia), , pregnancy, surgery, 
• pulmonary embolus clogs the artery that provides blood supply to part of the lung. The embolus not only prevents the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, but it also decreases blood supply to the lung tissue itself, potentially causing lung tissue to die (infarct).

2.PULMONARY EDEMA 

Pulmonary Edema

causes

–Left sided heart failure

–Hypoproteinemia

–Inhalation of toxic gases

-Lymphatic blockage ( from tumor)

           3. ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ADRS)

Causes of ADRS

• Sepsis. The most common cause of ARDS is sepsis, a serious and widespread infection of the bloodstream.
• Inhalation of harmful substances. Breathing high concentrations of smoke or chemical fumes can result in ARDS, as can inhaling (aspirating) vomit.
• Severe pneumonia. Severe cases of pneumonia usually affect all five lobes of the lungs.
• Head, chest or other major injury. Accidents, such as falls or car crashes, can directly damage the lungs or the portion of the brain that controls breathing.